Game theory approach to optimal capital cost allocation in pollution control

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污水处理智能控制与优化控制方法及应用

论述目前污水处理中的智能控制与优化控制方法的研究与应用现状,对模糊控制技术、神经网络软测量与控制、优化控制等方法进行了分析,指出在污水生物处理中引入智能控制是一种提高处理效率、降低运行成本的有效方法.污水处理最优控制能使系统运行稳定可靠,出水水质达到预定标准,而且使出水水质满足要求不增加处理成本.     

Foresty offsets in emissions trading systems: a link between systems?

An important aspect in the linking of different emissions trading schemes is the degree to which these systems allow (or ban) external offset project categories. The EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) currently allows the use of credits from energy and industry projects developed under the Kyoto Protocol’s Joint Implementation (JI) and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) but excludes the use of carbon credits from forestry projects for compliance in the EU ETS. Forestry credits generated by the CDM have a limited lifetime and expire at the end of a project’s crediting period, or earlier if the carbon stock for which the credits have been issued ceases to exist. According to the recently adopted amendment of the EU ETS Directive forestry credits will remain to be excluded until 2020. The present article reviews how the New South Wales Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme (Australia), the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (US) and the voluntary scheme of the Chicago Climate Exchange integrate forestry offsets into the respective system and how they deal with the risk of losing stored and credited biomass. By comparing the results of different scenarios this article shows how differences in the treatment of forestry offsets could impact the efforts to link various emission trading systems in future.

特征分析方法优化大气监测布点及MATLAB语言实现

提出了运用特征分析方法优化大气监测布点,并介绍了该方法的MATLAB语言实现过程。应用于大气监测优化布点的实例结果表明,该方法用于监测优化布点是可靠的。     

兰州城市主要大气污染治理方案和环境效益

根据兰州市经济技术条件，提出多种大气污染治理工程方案。用数值模式计算分析了这些单项方案和综合方案可减少的大气污染物排放量和空气质量改善程度，推荐了当前可行的投资低、环境效益好的优化综合方案，该综合方案可使兰州市区空气中SO2浓度下降24.6%-75.4%，TSP降10.4%-45.4%；降少数网格点外，SO2浓度都不出现超标。     

活性污泥法的多变量最优控制Ⅰ.基础理论与DO浓度对运行费用的影响

在现有的关于活性污泥法最优控制研究的基础上，首次提出了以两个最重要的控制参数污泥排放量和溶解氧浓度（ＤＯ）为控制变量、以出水水质为约束条件、以运行费用为性能指标的活性污泥法多变量最优控制的研究问题，并着重进行了基础研究．首先建立了最优控制所必要的基本状态方程与性能指标的泛函表达式．然后通过计算研究了在满足同一出水质量前提下控制不同的ＤＯ浓度时所需要的运行费用．结果表明，ＤＯ为０９ｍｇ／Ｌ时所需运行费用最少，这与主张应当维持ＤＯ浓度大于２ｍｇ／Ｌ的传统观点相比相差甚远；衰减速率常数Ｋｄ不受ＤＯ影响的假设也不合理．     

COMPARING SAMPLING SCHEMES FOR MONITORING POLLUTANT EXPORT FROM A DAIRY PASTURE1

ABSTRACT: Dairy cow pastures and feeding areas around barns can be a significant source of nonpoint source pollutants to nearby streams. To help document the significance of these sources, nutrient export in streamfiow from a 56.7-ha, mostly agricultural, watershed located in southwestern North Carolina was monitored from August 1994 to January 1996. Total nitrogen and phosphorus export rates from the upper, predominantly pasture, part of the watershed were 18.0 and 1.4 kg/ha/yr, respectively, as measured by weekly grab sampling and 18.7 and 4.9 kg/halyr, respectively, as measured from storm event monitoring. Nitrogen and phosphorus export rates for the area between the monitoring sites, which included overgrazed cow holding and feeding areas and farm buildings, were 376 and 86 kgfhalyr, respectively, for grab sampling and 351 and 160 kg/ha/yr, respectively, for storm event monitoring. To estimate the amount of reduction from nonpoint source controls necessary to effect a significant reduction in pollutant loading, statistical analyses of the load data were conducted. The analyses for the five pollutants monitored showed that total suspended solids would require the greatest reduction (34.6 percent for weekly grab and 33.6 percent for storm) in loading after the implementation of controls for statistical significance. Nitrate plus nitrite was found to require the least reduction (12.6 percent for weekly grab). Pollutant export rates computed from weekly grab samples and storm event samples used separately were compared to corresponding export rates computed from combining grab and storm event samples to assess the differences in monitoring schemes.     

Artificial neural network model for identifying taxi gross emitter from remote sensing data of vehicle emission

Vehicle emission has been the major source of air pollution in urban areas in the past two decades. This article proposes an artificial neural network model for identifying the taxi gross emitters based on the remote sensing data. After carrying out the field test in Guangzhou and analyzing various factors from the emission data, the artificial neural network modeling was proved to be an advisable method of identifying the gross emitters. On the basis of the principal component analysis and the selection of algorithm and architecture, the Back-Propagation neural network model with 8-17-1 architecture was established as the optimal approach for this purpose. It gave a percentage of hits of 93%. Our previous research result and the result from aggression analysis were compared, and they provided respectively the percentage of hits of 81.63% and 75%. This comparison demonstrates the potentiality and validity of the proposed method in the identification of taxi gross emitters.     

Optimal charges on river effluent from lumped and distributed sources

We propose a modelling framework for the design of a Pigouvian effluent tax, in an environmental management problem implicating several economic agents located in a river basin. The proposed charging system allows for the agents' geographical position relative to the river's sections, at which environmental standards are to be enforced, and takes into account the possible different market structures within which the agents are operating. In particular, we consider industrial agents competing on an oligopolistic market, and a set of farmers acting as price takers on a large market. A regional authority's goal is to induce agents to some sort of cooperation which would result in the satisfaction of the common environmental constraints. The economic process on one side, and the pollution transport and accumulation on the other, constitute two dynamic processes in two different time scales. As the economic process is much slower than the other process we can neglect the latter's transients and concentrate on the time invariant steady state solutions to the transportation equation. The model thus constructed has some noncooperative game and optimal control problem's features with space being the ‘running’ variable. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Optimal Timing to Adopt an Environmental Policy in a Strategic Framework

In this paper, the problem of optimal timing, when to adopt an environmental policy in a strategic framework is considered. Using real options theory and some basic tools of game theory, we show that, under certain assumptions, a country behaving strategically should wait longer before adopting such a policy than if it behaves unstrategically or within a larger entity. Such a postponed decision is sub-optimal as regards to the environment protection.